Beloved: Analysis :: essays research papers

From the earliest starting point, Beloved spotlights on the import of memory and history. Sethe battles day by day with the frightful inheritance of bondage, as her undermining recollections and furthermore as her daughter’s forceful apparition. For Sethe, the present is for the most part a battle to beat back the past, in light of the fact that the recollections of her daughter’s demise and the encounters at Sweet Home are unreasonably difficult for her to review deliberately. Be that as it may, Sethe’s restraint is hazardous, on the grounds that the nonattendance of history and memory hinders the development of a steady personality. Indeed, even Sethe’s hard-won opportunity is undermined by her failure to defy her earlier life. Paul D’s appearance gives Sethe the chance and the driving force to at last deal with her agonizing life history. As of now in the principal section, the peruser starts to increase a feeling of the repulsions that have occurred. Like the apparition, the location of the house is an obstinate token of its history. The characters allude to the house by its number, 124. These digits feature the nonappearance of Sethe’s killed third youngster. As an establishment, subjugation broke its victims’ customary family structures, or, more than likely blocked such structures from ever shaping. Slaves were subsequently denied of the establishments of any character separated from their job as workers. Infant Suggs is a lady who never got the opportunity to be a genuine mother, girl, or sister. Afterward, we discover that neither Sethe nor Paul D knew their folks, and the moderately long, six-year marriage of Halle and Sethe is a peculiarity in an establishment that would normally redistribute people to various ranches as their proprietors regarded essential. The scars on Sethe’s back fill in as another demonstration of her distorting and dehumanizing a very long time as a slave. Like the apparition, the scars additionally fill in as a representation for the route that past disasters influence us mentally, â€Å"haunting† or â€Å"scarring† us forever. All the more explicitly, the tree shape framed by the scars may represent Sethe’s inadequate family tree. It could likewise represent the weight of presence itself, through a reference to the â€Å"tree of knowledge† from which Adam and Eve ate, starting their mortality and languishing. Sethe’s â€Å"tree† may likewise offer knowledge into the engaging capacities of translation. Similarly that the white men can legitimize and build their control over the slaves by â€Å"studying† and deciphering them as indicated by their own impulses, Amy’s translation of Sethe’s mass of revolting scars as a â€Å"chokecherry tree† changes an account of torment and abuse into one of endurance.

Manufacturing alumina Free Essays

The creation of aluminum starts with the mining and beneficiation of bauxite. At the mine (for the most part of the surface sort), bauxite mineral is expelled to a smasher. The squashed mineral is then screened and amassed, prepared for conveyance to an alumina plant. We will compose a custom exposition test on Assembling alumina or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now At the alumina plant, the bauxite mineral is additionally squashed or ground to the right molecule size for proficient extraction of the alumina through absorption by hot sodium hydroxide alcohol. After evacuation of â€Å"red mud† (the insoluble piece of the bauxite) and fine solids from the procedure alcohol, aluminum trihydrate gems are hastened and calcined in revolving furnaces or fluidized bed calciners to deliver alumina (Al2O3). (Bounicore Wayne 1992) Some alumina forms incorporate an alcohol cleansing advance. Essential aluminum is created by the electrolytic decrease of the alumina. The alumina is broken down in a liquid shower of fluoride exacerbates (the electrolyte), and an electric flow is gone through the shower, making the alumina separate to shape fluid aluminum and oxygen. The oxygen responds with carbon in the terminal to deliver carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Liquid aluminum gathers in the base of the individual cells or pots and is evacuated under vacuum into tapping cauldrons. . Contingent upon the ideal application, extra refining might be vital. For demagging (expulsion of magnesium from the soften), perilous substances, for example, chlorine and hexachloroethane are frequently utilized, which may deliver dioxins and dibenzofurans. (Bounicore Wayne 1992) Mechanical types of aluminum incorporate industrially unadulterated metal and combinations with different metals, for example, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, titanium and zinc. Aluminum composites may contain as much as fifteen percent of the alloying metals. In powder structure, aluminum and its combinations are flammable in air and present a potential blast peril. In sheet or square structures, aluminum won't regularly engender or continue burning. (Metals Alloys, 1976) Perils and Risks Entail in Processing At the bauxite creation offices, dust is transmitted to the environment from dryers and materials-dealing with hardware, through vehicular development, and from impacting. The residue isn't unsafe; it tends to be an annoyance if regulation frameworks are not set up, particularly on the dryers and taking care of gear. Other air discharges could incorporate nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and different results of ignition from the bauxite dryers. (Paris Com, 1992) Mineral washing and beneficiation may yield process wastewaters containing suspended solids. Overflow from precipitation may likewise contain suspended solids. At the alumina plant, air outflows can incorporate bauxite dust from taking care of and preparing; limestone dust from limestone taking care of, consumed lime dust from transports and canisters, alumina dust from materials taking care of, red mud residue and sodium salts from red mud stacks impoundments), scathing pressurized canned products from cooling towers, and results of burning, for example, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from boilers, calciners, portable hardware, and furnaces. The calciners may likewise transmit alumina dust and the ovens, consumed lime dust. In spite of the fact that alumina plants don't ordinarily release effluents, substantial rainfalls can bring about surface overflow that surpasses what plant can use in process. (Brady Humiston, 1982) Hydrogen Generating Reactions Aluminum is an extremely receptive metal, and the best mechanical perils related with aluminum are compound responses. Aluminum is a superb diminishing operator, and ought to respond with water promptly to free hydrogen. Notwithstanding, the defensive aluminum oxide covering shields it from response with dampness or oxygen. On the off chance that the defensive covering is broken, for instance, by scratching or by amalgamation (the way toward covering with a film of mercury wherein the metallic aluminum disintegrates; the aluminum oxide covering doesn't hold fast to the amalgamated surface), quick response with dampness or potentially oxygen can happen. The essentialness of this response is needy upon the amount of aluminum accessible to respond. Aluminum is additionally oxidized by heat at a temperature subordinate rate. (Gaze, Beddow, Chen, Butler, 1982) Aluminum metal is amphoteric (shows both acidic and fundamental attributes). Accordingly, aluminum will respond with acids or bases; the two responses free hydrogen, a combustible gas. Nonetheless, aluminum doesn't respond with concentrated nitric corrosive in light of the fact that the oxidizing capability of the corrosive adds to the development of the defensive aluminum oxide covering. (Martin, 1976) Thermite Reactions Aluminum promptly removes oxygen from other metal oxides to shape aluminum oxide with the synchronous arrival of a lot of warmth (enough warmth to liquefy the results of the response). For instance, the response of aluminum with ferric oxide to create fluid aluminum oxide and fluid iron produces temperatures moving toward 3000 °C (5400 °F). This response, alluded to as the â€Å"thermite reaction,† has been utilized to weld huge masses of iron and steel; when encased in a metal chamber and touched off by a lace of magnesium has been utilized in flammable bombs; and, with ammonium perchlorate included as an oxidizer, has given the push to the space transport supporter rockets. (May Berard, 1987) Residue Explosions A residue blast is an intricate marvel including synchronous force, vitality, and mass vehicle in a receptive multi-stage framework. Aluminum particles, when in residue, powder, or drop structures from activities, for example, fabricating powder, granulating, completing, and handling, might be suspended as a residue cloud in air and therefore may touch off and cause genuine harm. In the event that the residue cloud is unconfined, the impact is basically one of blaze fire. Assuming, nonetheless, the touched off residue cloud is in any event mostly kept, the warmth of burning may bring about quickly expanding weight and produce blast impacts, for example, cracking of the restricting structure. Aluminum dust isn't in every case effectively ignitable, and, subsequently, the peril of residue blasts is regularly overlooked. Least unstable convergences of aluminum dust have been accounted for upwards from around 40 grams for each cubic meter (0.04 ounces per cubic foot) of air. (May Berard, 1987) Consequences for Health Aluminum particles stored in the eye may cause neighborhood tissue demolition. Aluminum salts may cause dermatitis, conjunctivitis, dermatoses, and disturbance of the upper respiratory framework through hydrolysis-freed corrosive. Aluminum isn't for the most part viewed as a mechanical toxin, despite the fact that inward breath of finely partitioned aluminum powder has been accounted for as a reason for pneumoconiosis. In most insightful cases, in any case, it was discovered that introduction was not exclusively to aluminum, however to a blend of aluminum, silica, iron cleans, and different materials. Aluminum in mist concentrates has been referenced in examines including Alzheimer’s infection. Most exposures to aluminum happen in purifying and refining forms. Since aluminum might be alloyed with different metals, each metal (e.g., copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese, nickel, chromium, lead, and so on.) may potentially introduce its own wellbeing risks. (Buonicore Davis, 1992) Suggestion Aluminum dust is unequivocally fibrogenic. Metallic aluminum residue may cause nodular lung fibrosis, interstitial lung fibrosis, and emphysema as demonstrated in creature experimentation, and impacts give off an impression of being associated to molecule size of the dust30; be that as it may, when presentation to aluminum cleans have been concentrated in man, most exposures have been seen as to different synthetics just as aluminum. (Buonicore Davis, 1992) Security Measures: Prevention and Control The American Council of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) suggests the requirement for five separate Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for aluminum, contingent upon its structure (aluminum metal residue, aluminum pyro powders, aluminum welding exhaust, aluminum solvent salts, and aluminum alkyls). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has additionally settled Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for aluminum. (May Berard, 1987) Contamination counteraction is constantly wanted to the utilization of end-of-pipe contamination control offices. Along these lines each endeavor ought to be made to consolidate cleaner creation procedures and offices to restrain, at source, the amount of toxins produced. In the bauxite mine, where beneficiation and mineral washing are rehearsed, tailings slurry of 7†9% solids is created for removal. The favored innovation is to think these tailings and discard them in the mined-out territory. A convergence of 25â€30% can be accomplished through gravity settling in a tailings lake. The tailings can be additionally thought, utilizing a thickener, to 30â€50%, yielding a considerably volume diminished slurry. The alumina plant releases red mud in slurry of 25â€30% solids, and this additionally presents a chance to diminish removal volumes. (May Berard, 1987) Today’s innovation, as high-productivity profound thickeners, and enormous measurement ordinary thickeners, can create a mud of 50â€60% solids fixation. The lime utilized in the process structures insoluble solids that leave the plant alongside the red mud. Reusing the lime utilized as a separating help to processing to uproot the new lime that is typically included now can limit these lime-based solids. At long last, emanating volume from the alumina plant can be limited or wiped out by great structure and working works on: lessening the water added to the procedure, isolating condensates and reusing to the procedure, and utilizing water all the while. (Stare, Beddow, Chen, Butler, 1982) References Brady, James E. what's more, Humiston, Gerard E. (1982), General Chemistry: Principles and Structure, Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Bounicore, Anthony J., and Wayne T. Davis, eds. (1992), Air Pollut

Magical Thinking in Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Magical Thinking in Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD Symptoms Print Magical Thinking in Generalized Anxiety Disorder By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on October 05, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 16, 2018 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children A. Tamboly / Getty Images We all engage in magical thinking from time-to-time. Superstitions fall into the category of magical thinking, such as avoiding the 13th floor of a building or needing to have a specific object with you for good luck. Ever tossed a coin in a fountain? Made a wish before blowing out candles? Even the most simple acts involve  magical thinking. Definitions One of the early writers on the topic was Freud. He talked about magical thinking as a defense mechanism to protect us from feeling helpless. This type of thinking tends to be greater when you feel a loss of control or face external events that feel anxiety-provoking, such as the loss of a loved one. In this way, most people use magical thinking to try and control what cant be controlled. Magical Thinking and Generalized Anxiety Disorder In the case of mental illness, magical thinking takes on another dimension. While its typically thought of in cases of psychosis or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), in which a person believes that his/her thoughts or actions have the ability to control outside events, a recent study compared levels of magical thinking in people with OCD, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and a normal control group, and showed that levels of magical thinking were similar between the OCD and GAD group. Alex Lickerman, MD  defines magical thinking  as believing that one event happens as a result of another without a plausible link of causation. Or specifically, believing in things  more strongly  than either evidence or experience justifies. In the case of generalized anxiety disorder, it tends to be just thatâ€"believing that your anxiety somehow controls the world around you. Resistance to Treatment David Burns, MD writes that although the anxiety experienced by people with GAD is painful, the belief is that it protects you from some greater catastrophe. You may be convinced that intense worrying is the key to your success or that if you dont over-plan, over-research, or generally over-worry about everything, things will fall apart. This type of magical thinking in GAD can make it harder to get better. If you feel that letting go of your anxiety may result in bad outcomes, of course, you will be resistant to letting it go. You may worry that if you give up your anxiety (e.g., stop being a perfectionist at work, stop being a germaphobe), something bad will happen (i.e., youll become a slacker, make a mistake, and be let go; youll contract an awful disease). How to Challenge Your Magical Thinking Ironically, the key to managing magical thinking is actually to plan aheadâ€"something that you are already good at doing. Think about situations that you might find yourself in that could be anxiety-provoking ahead of time. It is much easier to manage magical thinking before it starts than to disrupt your pattern once it has begun. Devise a plan based on what a reasonable person might do in that same situation. Thinking about this ahead of time gives you a chance to see it realistically while you are not feeling anxious. For example, if you know that you will be visiting a sick relative in the hospital and feel worried about transferring germs, reasonable steps to take might be using hand sanitizer or wearing a mask. Unreasonable steps might include bringing along cleaning supplies and washing the floors and counters. A few other examples might include: If you worry about getting a work project in by the deadline, a reasonable step might be breaking the task into manageable parts and having each part done by a certain date.If you worry about the health and safety of your family, reasonable steps might include using safety equipment in your home, proper car seats, vaccinations, and regular check-ups.If you worry about your financial situation, reasonable steps might include following a budget, setting aside savings, and meeting with a financial planner. A Word From Verywell Be sure your planning ahead is done during times of low anxiety when you are able to think rationally about reasonable steps that you can take. It might even help to enlist a friend to help you develop these plans. That person could also help to keep you aware of when your anxiety might be overwhelming your thought process  and check in with you to see if you are following your plan during times of stress.

Quezon City City Of The Philippines - 1334 Words

Quezon City is a site whose history is teeming with hardship. It was originally designed and created as a utopian planned city to function as the capital of the Philippines, replacing Manila. Due to several unforeseen circumstances, including World War II and the death of the original designer, the plans were put on hold. Due to the problems the Quezon City originally faced, it was never fully implemented and never lived up to its expectation as the capital, but continues to flourish as a culture, economic, and education hub in the Philippines. Located on a fertile plateau, Quezon City is surrounded with hilly forest to the north and three cities in the other directions. The center of the city has one main oval, known as Quezon City Circle. Originally intended to be the home of government buildings, today this circle contains several parks, gardens, and cultural monuments. From the center radiates six main streets: one going north, one going east, one going south, and three forking to west. Of those three, two create the upper and lower borders of Triangle Park, and Quezon Avenue bisects the triangle through the middle. Epifanio de los Santos Avenue defines the third side of Triangle Park. Despite the name, there are not many parks within the triangle: Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Center and several small neighborhood parks. Two more streets angle back from the ends of Triangle Park to Quezon Avenue, creating a large diamond, perfectly bisected by Quezon Avenue andShow MoreRelatedThe City Of Quezon City1406 Words   |  6 PagesThe history of Quezon City is teeming with hardship. It was originally designed and created as a utopian planned city to function as the capital of the Philippines, replacing Manila. Due to several unforeseen circumstances, including World War II and the death of the original designer, the plans were put on hold. Because of the problems that Quezon City originally faced, it was never fully implemented and never lived up to its expectation as the capital, but continues to flourish as a cultural, economicRead MoreHistorical Perspective of Sped1456 Words   |  6 PagesSchool for the Deaf and Blind in Manila and Miss Rice was the administrator and at the same time the teacher of that school. Today, the school for the Deaf is located at Harrison Street, Pasay City and the Philippine National School for the Blind is adjacent to it on Polo Road. During the year 1926, the Philippine Association for the Deaf (PAD) was composed of hearing impaired members and special education specialists. The following year (1927), the Welfareville Children’s Village in Mandaluyong, RizalRead MoreManuel L. Quezon2965 Words   |  12 Pagesreally know MANUEL L. QUEZON Well, I think almost people know him as the â€Å"Father of the Philippine National Language† and we always see him in a twenty pesos bill. 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Flooded with queries on how to send help and assistance to displaced residents of the war-torn city, here are the list of government agencies and other offices that accept donations in-cash and in-kind. The DepartmentRead Mor eAbs-Cbn vs Gma7 Written Analysis of the Case1213 Words   |  5 Pagesheadquarters is in Quezon City with regional offices and news bureaus in over 25 provincial areas throughout the country. GMA Network (GMA) is a major commercial television radio network in the Philippines. GMA Network is owned by GMA Network, Inc. a publicly listed company. Its first broadcast on television was on October 29, 1961. It is headquartered in the GMA Network Center in Quezon City and its transmitter is located at Tandang Sora Avenue, Barangay Culiat also in Quezon City. Rivals GMA NetworkRead MoreMarketing Plan802 Words   |  4 Pagesposition itself as a reasonably priced, upscale and fine fast food restaurant. Its patrons will be single as well as families; ages 20 – 50. 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Never in the history of the Philippines had such brutality been committed against the dignity of the human person. For this very reason, the Japanese Occupation is another essential facet that must be examined through the lens of Human Rights. The bombing of Manila on December 8, 1941 marked the beginning of what was known to be the one of the darkest and most traumatic ages in Philippine history. At the start of the Second World War, the Filipinos were unprepared

Statutory Rape A Legal Matter - 2047 Words

Statutory rape is a legal matter in which an individual has sexual intercourse with a minor. Although the statutory rape law is to protect any individual from being sexually abused by an older individual sexual assault is mainly geared towards protecting women. Even though having sex with a minor is illegal it is possible in some states to have sex with a minor with valid consent. If an individual is caught having sexual intercourse with a minor the penalties may result in serving time in a state penitentiary or a correctional facility. Statutory rape is patronizing to girls and recriminating to boys because, many individuals believe that girls do not have the mental composite to consent to sexual activities, but boys have uncontrollable†¦show more content†¦The law also protects children under the age of 12, which would result in the defendant being charged with rape. â€Å"The number of men serving within prisons for statutory rape has a big difference between the amount of women serving prison time for statutory rape. There are hardly any women reported or sued for the same crime. The law does hold the same penalty for both sexes for statutory rape† (Russell 507). Basically, the majority of individuals argue that the statutory rape laws are patronizing to the girls and discriminatory to the boys. There have been many reasons proving this may be true. Although statutory rape laws are not only to protect women, but also men from sexual abuse, there have been many times that boys have been sexually abused by females and it has been ignored. This shows that statutory rape laws discriminate towards boys. Most times statutory rape cases are charged against young teens which means that young teens should be taught at an early age that sexual activity is not only wrong, but also illegal because, Instead of charging these young teenagers with a statutory rape crime they should be provided with counseling rather than imprisonment or being labeled as a sex offender for the rest of their lives. Although the laws for statutory rape are discriminating towards boys and patronizing towards girls it may not always be the boys fault because,

Social Responsibility, Consumerism, and the Marketing Concept

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, CONSUMERISM, AND THE MARKETING CONCEPT Robert D. Winsor, Loyola Marymount University ABSTRACT This paper compares the often-criticized selling orientation or selling concept with the commonly-praised societal marketing concept from the perspectives of consumer rationality and persuasibility. It is suggested that both orientations view consumers as relatively irrational and as easily prone to manipulation by marketers. The implications of this similarity are explored from the perspectives of consumerism and social responsibility. INTRODUCTION Critics of marketing have consistently attacked the discipline for discounting consumers intelligence and capacity for rational choice and for deliberately†¦show more content†¦Since the publication of Keith s article, other writers have modified, refined, and extended the basic thesis advancing this evolutionary process: The most noteworthy and well-known of these descriptions is that of Philip Kotler. Kotler describes five alternative concepts or philosophies through which most businesses have evolved. Although any given business can operate under any of the philosophies, the underlying precept of the evolution thesis is that these philosophies form a hierarchy, with later philosophies being superior to those of earlier eras (Keith, 1960; Kotler, 1994). The implication is that to move from a lower level (earlier) philosophy to that on a higher level (later) is not only insightful, but also good business. The first eras or business philosophies are termed the product and the production concepts. The product concept emphasizes product quality and/or performance, and assumes that at least some consumers are knowledgeable enough to recognize and respect superior attributes in these areas. The production concept focuses upon systems for producing large volumes of products in an effort to drive down costs by exploiting economies of scale. This philosophy is based upon the assumption that most consumers not only recognize, but prefer high value (benefits - price) offerings and are knowledgeable and rational in selecting among alternative products. A later era is known as the sellingShow MoreRelatedMarketing Concept and the possible limitations to this concept.1458 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing is defined as a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and values with others.(Kotler.P 2002 : 5) The goals of marketing is to attract new customers by promising superior value and keep and grow current customers by delivering satisfaction. 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After the founding of the United States, and particularly after the Civil War, America was growing by leaps and bounds. Railroads opened the West, factories increased in urban areas producing steel, building was rampant, and all of these activities took a larger labor force. Because these vast numbers of workers were unable to produce theirRead MoreCase Analysis Product RED1261 Words   |  5 Pages2009). Though the movement has many positive impacts still it has many critics. Product (Red) strategy for promoting socially and environmentally responsible business practices Product (RED) focuses on three main factors: †¢ Cause marketing †¢ Conscious consumerism †¢ CSR a two way proposition Product (RED)’s strategy was to promote not just the RED products but making sure that they are compelling and are sold. 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There are many environmental factors that affect IKEA’s global and domestic marketing decisions. An analysis of those factors, the influence of the global economic interdependency and the effectRead MoreThe Deterioration of Childhood Innocence Due to Media a nd Consumerism 1708 Words   |  7 Pagesgrown-ups’ responsibility to build a metaphorical wall between a child’s innocence and various types of media and consumerism. Although it is becoming increasingly difficult due to the powerful world of media, which constantly reinvents itself to outwit the latest parental imposition, the preservation of innocence is not impossible. The innocence of children is what turns them into successful adults, and how well adults do at this job may determine our planet’s future survival. The concept of childhood

Limitations of Interpersonal Communciation Research Essay Example For Students

Limitations of Interpersonal Communciation Research Essay Word Count: 674 When taking a limit of an equation in Calculus, a limit does not always exist. However, in the real word there are always limitations to what people can accomplish no matter how hard they work or try. These limitations are evident in interpersonal commuciation research as well. In the article, Commucication Apprehension Among Secretarial Students, the authors, Melanie Booth-Butterfield and Carol C. Thomas, research and examine the levels of trait communication apprehension among students enrolled in college level office administration programs. In the following paragraphs I will discuss the process and two limitations of the research. In the article, the authors seek to investigate communication apprehension among secretarial students. Communication apprehension is an individuals level of fear or anxiety associated with communicationg with others (Booth-Butterfield Thomas, 1995, pp. 39). The methodological framework utilitized by the authors was to administer questionnaires during regular class time in four different sections. This survey included a measure of trait communication apprehension and anxiety across four different areas of interpersonal, small group, meeting and public speaking. In addition, the questionnaire asked for the age and whether the participants have had experience in a co-op role or as a secretary for a regular business. The participants of the questionaire were 117 random students enrolled at a four-year, technical business-oriented college. Of these students, 58 were female students enrolled full-time in office administration courses. The remaining students were not secretarial students but were enrolled in business administration, management, and communication courses. The results of the survey clearly showed a higher communication apprehension among secretarial students than non-secretarial students rergardless of age or job experience. Furthermore, secretarial students showed anxiety in all four areas of communication especially in public speaking. In conlusion to the research, the authors say that the anxiety experienced by many office adminstration students should be observable and will substatntively influence their performance in classes and on the job (Booth-Butterfield Thomas, 1995, pp. 39). Although this communication apprehension research seems reasonable, limitations include the type of data used and the relationships or generalizations that are drawn between certain variables. To begin with, the methodological framework utilized by the author is in the form of a questionairre. A questionairre is basically a test to see how one thinks of his or herself and is not necessarily accurate. For example, an individual may think he or she is apprehensive to communication but when actually confronted with the scenerio may perform rather well and without any fear or anxiety. Perhaps a better methodological approach in gathering data is to setup an actual communication setting and have the participants perform to the communication task. The data should be based on the performance as well as feedback from the participant to see if the communication apprehension was accurate. Another limitation to the research is the relationships or generalizations that are drawn between certain variables. First, of the secretarial participants that took the questionairre, all were females. Differences in trait communication apprehension between males and females in the non-secretarial group were examined and showed no significant differences (Booth-Butterfield Thomas, 1995, pp. 42). The authors use this data and draw a relationship between the secretarial and non-secretarial gender to say that in general there are no gender differences. However, accurate as it may sound, this is another limitation because secretarial students in general may think differently. Perhaps females with communication apprehension follow office administrative fields because they think that all they need to do is sit all day and type with little talk or interaction while males in the same field do not. Secondly, the authors come to the immediate generalization that these secretarial students with communication apprehension will be less successful once in a working environment others (Booth-Butterfield Thomas, 1995, pp. 43). This parallels the first limitation where I stated that these individuals might perform rather well when the spotlight is on them. .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e , .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e .postImageUrl , .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e , .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e:hover , .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e:visited , .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e:active { border:0!important; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e:active , .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub5f0c58c6762dad03945212e5f2ab89e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: youth violence Essay Although they may be apprehensive to communication does not necessarily mean that they cannot perform under actual situations. In this paper I have discussed the authors research on communication apprehension among secretarial students as well as the limitations of the research. Booth-Butterfield and Thomas give us their interpretations of their findings and feel that secretarial students have greater anxiety when it comes to communication scenerios. They even conclude that this apprehension will make these students less capable of success in future work environments. However, these statements are based on generalizations and interpretations from research with various limitations. In conclusion, there are always limitations of interpersonal communication research because it not like Mathematics where one can just measure communication levels with a ruler. .

Fragile X Disorder and Communication free essay sample

This paper outlines Fragile X disorder with a detailed description of the biological cause of the disorder, as well as an explanation of the subsequent communication disorders This paper looks at the debilitating disease called Fragile X Disorder. It examines the physical characteristics of people who suffer from this disorder as well as mental and behavioral problems. It focuses on the specific issue of speech impairments causing communication problems. From the paper: Fragile X is the most common inherited cause of developmental and learning disabilities, affecting as many as one person in every 1,000 (Saunders, 1999). Fragile X is a sex-linked genetic disorder and is named so because of a fragile site on the tip of the long arm of the X chromosome where it looks as if a piece of the chromosome is broken off (Saunders, 1999). The gene responsible for the disorder is Fragile Mental Retardation 1 (FMR-1) and can be diagnosed through DNA testing (Saunders, 1999). We will write a custom essay sample on Fragile X Disorder and Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The FMR-1 gene becomes faulty due to an expansion of three nucleotides, Cytosine-Guanine-Guanine (CGG), which inhibits the production of the FMR protein; the FMR protein is essential for normal brain development (Symons, et al, 2001).

The Popular Mathematical Symbol

The Popular Mathematical Symbol Hashtag: Happy Pi Day (Pi -Mathematical Constant) Commemorating Pi on 3/14/15 The Popular Mathematical Symbol The Greek letter Ï€ or Pi a mathematical symbol equivalent to 3.14159, the ratio of a circle’s circumference in relation to its diameter. Pi fascinated the greatest thinkers of our time and achieved an iconic status in the world of nerds, geeks, and math educators. According to Piday.org, Pi is an â€Å"irrational and transcendental number† but a unique and fascinating number with over a trillion non-repeated digits beyond its decimal point. It is extremely useful measuring trigonometric and geometric shapes such as the area of a circle and volume of a cylinder. Pi is a widely known mathematical constant due to its ubiquity and almost infinite but non-repetitive or patterned digits. The Ï€ symbol first appears in William Jones’ â€Å"Synopsis palmarium mathesis† in 1706 to represent the decimal 3.141592. The reason is that Pi in decimal form is infinite and therefore cannot represent the exact proportion between the diameter and circumference of a circle. The symbol was popularized by Leonhard Euler in 1737 and became a universally accepted symbol for Pi in 1934. Historically, Pi has been a challenged to many mathematicians around the world. For instance, Tsu Chung-Chih, Chinese mathematician computed the first seven digits of Pi in the 5th century. Al-Kashi in Samarkand, on the other hand, improved that further and calculated 2Ï€ in sexagesimal, which is accurate to seventeen decimal places. The variant series of PI was calculated by Indian mathematician Madhava using Gregory-Leibniz series for Ï€ (3,3). Wanna know more? Go here: The Misdemeanors of Well-Educated People in Public Office The Contribution of Academic Institutions in Childrens Well-Being Combining Academic Knowledge and Practicality The Limits of Academic Freedom Is High IQ a Guarantee of Academic Success What We Really Know About Pi Most students can easily recognize the Pi symbol because it reminds them of not only the formula for getting the diameter of a circle but the need to multiply together the series of terms such as Ï€ (4,6,9) = 16. The ability of students to recognize and work with mathematical symbols according to study is a sign of intellectual advancement in mathematics. The reason is that although Pi or Ï€ is often introduced in the upper elementary grades, many people are not aware of the numerical value and uses of Pi. The knowledge that Pi has over a trillion digits was given to us by computer’s superior computational ability. The fascination about Pi pushed scientist and mathematicians to harness the astonishing computational power of modern  computers. Newer techniques have been developed to further accelerate computations of Pi such as FFT or Fast Fourier Transform and computations using supercomputers from NASA’s Ames Research Center and Hitachi. However, these computations only disclosed significant hardware defect and computational errors rather than resolving the ubiquity of Ï€. The mysterious mathematical constant attracted professional scientist, mathematicians, and the lay public. There are hundreds of websites, internet-based clubs, and thousand of online research papers dealing with Pi. Contents of popular books, television shows, and movies are evidence of fascination with Pi. â€Å"Wolf in the Fold†, a Star Trek episode shown in 1967 was about foiling an evil computer by asking it to compute Pi’s last digit. In 1996, MSNBC Network aired a news segment about Pi while the decimal 3.1459 were used in movies such Matrix Reloaded where the Key Maker warns that a door will be accessible after 314 seconds. The mystery of Pi is still unresolved and the fascination that started thousands of years ago is expected to continue along with developments and latest findings of mathematicians and computer scientist in the field of Pi.

Reflection paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Reflection paper - Assignment Example Germanic Europe embraces low humane orientation, is result oriented, focuses on the future and likes planning. This cluster as well advocates for competition and aggressiveness. On the contrary, the southern Asia cluster embraces strong family links, high humane orientation, and deep concern for the feelings of other people. Clearly, these two clusters are extremely different. Leading a group with individuals from these regions may come with quite a number of obstacles. Communicating could be quite difficult since the people from these regions prefer different leadership styles. This means that a style that could be effective in governing the southern Asians could not be effective in managing and directing the Germanic Europeans. People from different cultures view ideas differently since their respective cultures affect their perceptions about life. For instance, it is clear to see that the Germanic Europeans are not risk takers. They follow set procedures and cannot easily deviate. As a way of preparing to prepare to handle these challenges, I would adopt the team-oriented leadership. Through this approach, I can learn the weaknesses and strengths of each member and trying to do away with petty faults in a bid to build a strong team. As a diversity conscious leader, I would leverage my strengths by acting as a coordinator, a competent team builder, a fo re-planner and a win-win conflict resolver in a bid to build strong links. The process of Appreciative inquiry (Ai) was captivating and enlightening to me. The fact that the idea is concerned with generating innovative ideas makes the experience extremely informative. This is among the most reliable techniques of achieving change in the organization. Changes for the better and continuous improvement are among the most prominent ideas in the contemporary business world. The Ai process boosts creativity and equips one with up-to-date information and knowledge. The most challenging part of the

To Build or Buy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

To Build or Buy - Assignment Example The food items which are unique and entirely different from the competitor’s coffee shop would be included. There would be no sale of alcoholic beverage as the business as a theme of healthy food .There would be more of vegetable salads and fruit salads on the menu. A brand image would be created so that there would be a great impact on the consumers. A brand image would be created by giving an apt name to the coffee shop. The name would be â€Å" natura coffee shop†. This would give a touch of nature and healthy image to the business. The name of the shop is different from the Deli and can attract customer due to curiosity. It also aligns with the food sold in the coffee shop. The price of food will be reasonable as people stay away from organic food because they are expensive. The portion would be bit more and that would be a good competitive strategy to win over â€Å"Ohio Deli†. People are always gets attracted to food that deliver much more than what they pay for. As per (Miles, 2014) â€Å"Quick-service consumers, now more than ever, want to get more for their dollar, and quite often the bigger the portion the better†. The theme of the coffee shop would also be organic as we would use any synthetic decoration in the coffee shop except from the appliances. The ambience would be entirely different from â€Å"Ohio Deli†. The coffee shop would have promotional offers which would like to entertain the customer potential. The staff of the coffee shop would be young and extra polite. They would be trained to be exceptional for customer service. We also would provide food and atmosphere which is hygiene and free of pollution. A quick service will be another strategy which would keep the interest of customer in the coffee shop. Many a times customer hesitate to come back if the service is slow as the customer are employee who come for breakfast and lunch. We would introduce loyalty cards to impress the customer s

Explosion Of The Digital Era Public Relations

Explosion Of The Digital Era Public Relations Public Engagement is a modern paradigm in the PR context and sets out how professionals should be listening and engaging with their key stakeholders in the 21st Century. Marshall Manson, Director of digital strategy at Edelman UK, describes the terminology as advancing shared interest moving from an influence pyramid to a world of cross-influence (pg 5). According to Edelman there are four attributes of Public Engagement; it aims to be democratic and decentralized, inform the conversation, call for engagement with stakeholders and finally make it clear how reputation is important. Public Engagement has to work in all four areas (Richard Edelman, 2008). Trust building both internally and externally, reputation management and transparency are the hallmarks of successful PR initiatives besides positioning the CEO. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Stuart Mill and G D H Cole (1968) came up with the term Participatory Democracy, which was the forerunner of Public Engagement. Mills supported a representative government with some form of public participation but on a limited scale. Wholesale participation could endanger political decision making and hence democracy. (Pateman1970) Engagement in politics had been regarded as reactive but it is now perceived as proactive. Dialogue and engagement with all parties is important to prevent loss of public trust (Edward Andersson, Simon Burall Emily Fennell, Involve 2010). The Big Society introduced by David Cameron 19 July 2010 sought public dialogue and involvement in decision making. Business and government rely on PR to establish trust and dialogue. Public engagement, like any conversation, is all about listening. Our world can be likened to a conversation and in order to be successful we need to listen ( Richard Edelman 2008). New technology has presented the public with effective tools for engaging in these conversations at a level never experienced before. A white paper published by Arthur W Page Society (2007) is a good example of how Public Relations practitioners and company leaders must change their strategies and business goals to be more authentic in the 21st century. The study looked at how CEOs saw their roles change with the culture of the environment. Environment is changing because of the emergence of all things digital, a global economy and a new breed of stakeholders. However, what it fails to do is to provide a way that can be used to enhance the role of the communication department in the future. According to the paper it believes that communication departments have lost control. In order to move forward they must adapt to new technologies, audiences and engagement models. Transparency is a key part of performing well in the 21st century, it encourages trust on behalf of employees and the public and is in demand more than ever (Michael Smith, Richard Hunter, Ken McGee, Gartner 2010). Public opinion surveys have confirmed the need for transparency in business and managing trust (Grunig, J.E 2009). For organisations to succeed in Public Engagement, they need to be informed, transparent, prospective and adaptive to their key stakeholders (Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, 2008). Prior to current publications on Public Engagement, the term was mainly connected to the science world. A report written by Demos (2009) stated that the UK was now seen as a leader in public engagement within the science world. Public Engagement, it argued would only work when interest groups were included. Matthew C. Nisbet Dietram A. Scheufele (2007) argued that communication must be accessible to all sections of society. Advocacy, a term used by PR company Weber Shandwick, is defined as Public relations caught the first wave, the adoption of new technology to spread information But that first wave, sharing information with more segmented audiences, is cresting. A new one, a fundamental transformation of communication from information to advocacy, is rising (Jack Leslie, Chairman, Weber Shandwick Worldwide). It argues that personnel engagement is needed in order to be able to communicate with their audiences. It is evident that universities are becoming involved with the term Public Engagement. The National Co-ordinating Centre for Public Engagement (NCCPE) is part of the Beacon for Public Engagement project. Their aim is to encourage a change in how universities engage with the public and their stakeholders. ___________________________________________________________________________ Social Media Traditional PR skills are still helpful in bringing transparency to communications with stakeholders (Schlesinger 2010) but the introduction of Web 2.0 technologies has changed the world of communications for PR (Pavlik 2008) and Philips and Young (2009). Grunig, J.E (2009) noted that digital media has the potential to make the profession more global, strategic, two-way, interactive and socially responsible (pg 1 Paradigms of Global Public Relations in an Age of Digitalisation). However, he comments that this new media is being used ineffectively by practitioners. Some are using it, as they did with the old media, as a place to write messages rather than using it to interact with the public strategically. Grunig (2009) concludes that it can only be used effectively if social media is used to its full capacity. Public engagement has created new networks of influences and special online forums leading to a world of communication through Blog, Twitter and Facebook among many, impacting all walks of life (Edelman, 2009.) In 2009, 625 million people worldwide had access to the internet (McCann 2009). Sharing of social networking sites has created huge paradigms for PR. It has increased challenges for organisations for the crucial role played by transparency, quickness and clarity in response (Pavlik 2008). The rise in digital interaction and the surge in social media present the practitioners with enormous opportunities. According to McCanns Wave 4 report (2009), social media platforms are becoming the norm to create and share. In his study he noted how they presented unique opportunities to listen and observe. One way messaging is now outdated and anyone understanding this new communication world will succeed (Weber Shandwick). It is important to recognize that social media is also important within organizations, encouraging employee engagement. Enterprise 2.0 is a form of web 2.0 which is used for businesses only. They provide services such as Yammer, a corporate version of Twitter, and Chatter- a social-networking service (Economist 2010). According to Mashable (2010) the top five engaged brands in social media are Starbucks, Coca- Cola, Oreo, Skittles and Redbull. Starbucks have created a digital platform for the participation of public through My Starbucks Idea for communicating with customers by just listening to customers suggestions. Companies are benefitting from listening and improving their services for all stakeholders including customers. Richard Sambrook (the former head of BBC news) believes that every company should be a media company he says. Big companies are going directly to the consumer to engage them now, rather than through display or spot ads and the traditional means of trying to reach consumers. You cant just be out there shouting at people about your brand, youve got to engage with them quite carefully PR is there to help organisations to be honest and engaged with the Public in this new age of media and should not spin stories to the press (Independent 2010) A Stakeholder can be defined as anyone who is affected by the actions arising from any organisation, whether a public or private entity. When engaged, stakeholders can provide organisations with valuable feedback on society expectations leading to the generation of creative solutions and earning the organisation valuable stakeholder support (Lawrence Weber 2008). With the advent of technologically enabled tools there has been a democratisation and socialisation of the media leading to a greater involvement by all participants. Breaking news is today likely to be captured first on Twitter, or the like, rather than a news agency (WrightHinson 2009). This in turn has necessitated greater transparency and in turn enhanced the role of PR professional teams in the management of organisations day to day operations. The status of employees and customers has now been placed on an equal footing with shareholders and other governing participants. (Authentic Enterprise 2007). Evolving through p ublic engagement, the corporate communication function is set to play the role of catalyst in this new environment and the PR practitioner can help empower corporate culture and stakeholder confidence (Miller 2010). At a local level internal communication has become more significant in shaping the management and image of organisations (Authentic Enterprise 2007). Trust is a valuable commodity which needs to be nurtured; in times of crisis the trust relationship will play a significant role in shaping the outcome of adverse events. Encouraging a listening culture within management will enhance the perception of trust (Mazzei and Ravazzani 2010). This is a function that PR needs to develop to accommodate changing communication platforms and models. Strategies need to consider the social and behavioural changes brought about by the internet. There have been many communication models put forward over the past 60 years the principal ones being the Shannon and Weaver model 1949, Shramms Interactive Model 1954 and Grunigs and Hunts 4 Models (1984). It is important to look at communication models to see whether Public engagement is a new paradigm or simply an extension of these. Shannon and Wavers (1949) Mathematical theory of Communication is accepted as one of the most important models from which communication studies has grown ( Johnson and Klare 1961), albeit biased towards the technical aspects of communication research (John Fiske 1982). In contrast to the above models Schramm went on to create his model which emphasised two-way communication (1954) and introduced the concept of feedback. In problem solving scenarios open ended questions need to be asked in order to gain feedback and results. The two-way symmetric model, Grunig and Hunt (1984) is probably the most popular and widely used in todays PR industry. This model is described as being one that can build relationships and resolve conflicts. It is where the stakeholders have a say in what an organisation does and can have some power over policies. This model employs research, listening, and dialogue as tools to cultivate relationships with both internal and external strategic parties. Pieczka (1996) criticised the model as she felt that the study was biased to the two way symmetrical model and questioned the validity of his model. According to Phillips and Young( 2009),social media is causing a new communication paradigm. They believe that communication is shifting from the traditional hierarchical arrangement to an audience model encouraging horizontal discourse. This is confirmed by Edelman (2009). A further study by Grunig developed a model for excellent public relations ( Grunig 2002 ,Grunig Dozier ) It was found that the most successful PR departments took part or contributed to the strategic decisions of the company. Once stakeholders had been identified the study showed that successful PR departments developed programmes to communicate with them. According to Grunig (2002.) Excellence is seen as the balance between an organisation and the public. It was seen as the management of communications on a level that aided the strategic management role whilst maintaining the attention and cooperation of the public. As such the PR role was enhanced and perceived in commercial terms whereby long term relationships could be forged between strategic parties. Philip and Young (2009 ) argued that the new PR challenges the Excellence model. LEtang (2006) was also critical stating that the power imbalance between organisation and public was a flaw in the theory of two-way communication. However Grunig insisted that the model was revised over the years. There appears to be a gap in communication models in regards to Public Engagement although Grunigs fourth model is possibly the closest to it. It is evident that a new model of PR is needed. Whether it is to be called Public Engagement is something which has to be decided.

Essay --

In the The Forgotten Plague: Opium and Narcotics in Korea under Japanese Rule, 1910-1945, John M. Jennings argues that opium and narcotics trafficking played a significant part in Korea under Japanese colonial rule from 1910-1944, and that the subject of opium in Korea under Japanese colonial rule is not fully examined by historians. Jennings bases this connection between the opium and narcotics trade and the Japanese on three factors: the spread of drug addiction in Korea during Japanese colonial rule, Korea's rise in production and exportation of narcotics throughout the 1920s and 1930s, and the political immunity of Korean drug traffickers in China. In the first part of the article, Jennings emphasizes how Korea was forced to deal with a major domestic drug addiction problem under Japanese colonial rule. The article highlights how opium first arrived in Korea from China, and that opium smoking has long been a widespread habit in Korean society. By I905 there were so many opium addicts in Korea that the Japanese Residency General had to force the Korean Government to stop the problem. This resulted in harsh laws condemning opium smoking, the importation and sale, as well as opium paraphernalia (Jennings 797). The article does a good job of emphasizing to the reader that these new laws were ineffective because opium smoking endured throughout the early stages of the Japanese colonial period. Jennings references how in 1912 the Japanese government was required to enforce a new law in which Korean opium smokers were punished under the same level of severity as if under Japanese law to discourage the widespread usage of opium (Jen nings 797). According to Jennings, Korean addicts were only permitted to continue smoking if the end... ...elf states many times in the article that he wishes to shed much needed light on an ignored aspect of imperial Japan's actions in Korea. This article contributes to the wider literature because it introduces the reader to the effects of Japanese colonialism in Korea through the analysis of primary source documents, first hand experiences, and expert opinion. My experience has shown that little is mentioned in textbooks and resources to cover the topic of Korea under Japanese colonialism other than the dates of annexation and the date of emancipation. This is a very good article for readers and scholars to compare with Western imperialism material. Furthermore, the Japanese occupation of Korea from 1910 to 1945 went through several overlapping phases, this article touches on many of those political, social, and economic changes occurring in Korea during this period.

Post Conflict Reconstruction and the Resurgence of Supposedly Resolved Territorial Conflicts Essay

Beyond the rhetoric of traditional causes of conflicts which intermittently are also at the root cause of African territorial civil conflicts, this paper examines the question as to why conflict resurges in states where conflict has previously been resolved. From the perspective of two major theoretical frameworks in International Relations: Liberalism and Realism, this paper argues that mechanisms for conflict resolution are often short-termed and often not home-groomed to accommodate the needs of citizens emanating from a civil war. Liberals argue that this is primarily a failure of cooperation between external and internal actors or stakeholders in the peace process. To them, this lack of cooperation generates economic problems and inhibits mistrust which is the embryo for conflict resurgence. In contrast conflict resolution fails primarily as a result of factors emphasized by Realism. The conflict may not have been ripe for resolution because the practical meaning of recognition revealed large gaps between the ways that the parties defined their core interests. Against this background and given the depth of antagonism between the DRC government and MONUC on the one hand and rebel movements on the other, economic wealth of the Congo has failed to generate support for the peace process. Instead, it increased friction and placed additional political obstacles in the way of compromise. The paper also examines the potency of peacekeeping as a vehicle for conflict resolution. It argues that the design and conceptualization of peacekeeping albeit structural challenges like inadequate resources, ill-equipped personnel and lack of a clearly defined and sustainable vision are at the bedrock of cyclical conflicts. In examining the role of MONUC and other interveners in the Congolese peace process, the paper engages a conceptual thesis which seeks to clarify the difference between peacekeeping as a mediator, meddler and interventionist in African civil conflicts. This clarification will inform conceptual thinking on the potency of peacekeeping as a vehicle for the resolution of civil conflicts. The conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is one demonstration of the fragile nature of post conflict reconstruction and speaks to the need to step-up conflict prevention strategies to meet current challenges which have given rise to new trajectories to territorial conflicts in Africa. Despite deploying a Peace Mission to the Congo (ONUC)[1] in the 1960s, and despite currently harboring the largest and highest funded United Nations Peace Operation (MONUC);[2] the United Nations (UN) is still finding it difficult to bring an end to the territorial conflict in what is regarded as the site for the world’s worst humanitarian conflict. The conflict, therefore, seems to protract with each renewed effort to resolve it. Following field visits, extensive reading on the Congo and interviews with conflict analysts and residents of the DRC, this paper assesses the viability of peacekeeping as a measure for preventing the resurgence of new territorial conflict. While most interviewed are of the view that the challenges of the DRC peace process are enormous and complex, this paper interrogates the role of MONUC as a conflict prevention mechanism, and its effectiveness in sustainable peacebuilding in the Great Lakes region. The paper enriches conceptual thinking with the view that peacekeeping as a form of external intervention has the capacity to support fragile states in their peace building process, and to check prospective territorial conflicts if certain requirements are met. Preliminary investigations indicate that, contrary to previous research which posited political, natural resource and cultural underpinnings as causes of the current DRC conflict, the lack of a clearly defined plan to stop hostilities in the East can largely be accountable for the cyclical violence. Contrary to expectation that following the 2006 DRC election, the fragile Congolese state had attained sovereign maturity to govern itself with limited external support, this paper posits the need for dedicated and timely funding to a new mediator who will engage a five-phased peacebuilding process which will re-orientate existent theoretical and pragmatic processes of conflict prevention, and define succinctly, through policy recommendations, a new direction for the prevention of territorial conflicts. Following this introduction, the next section will explore the causes of territorial conflicts in Africa and elsewhere. This section engages a brief differentiation between causes of conflicts and causes of conflict resurgence with the view of demonstrating that if one cannot prima facie understand the causes of conflict, its resolution attempts will be flawed and such attempts will serve as the corner stone on which prospective conflicts will be erected. Section two will engage a theoretical overview of causes of conflict resurgence. This section will examine causes of conflict resurgence as propounded by two main schools of thought of International Relations: Realism and Liberalism. Following this, tools of conflict resolution will reviewed with principal focus on peacekeeping. The Section will trickle down to a case specific analysis of whether peacekeeping as a tool for conflict resolution is a byproduct of intervention or mediation, and whether in the exercise of their craft, peacekeepers qualify to be called mediators or would be considered meddlers. This section argues that, between 1999 to 2006 when the first democratic election in the Congo was organized, MONUC could well be considered as a mediator, but following that period, MONUC till date (July 2006 to 2010) she is a meddler in the peace process which is largely driven by the rapprochement that was reached between the DRC and Uganda on the one hand, and the DRC and Rwanda on the other. Causes of territorial Conflicts in Africa There are contending theories as to the causes of territorial conflicts. Conflicts seem to have a litany of literature compared to other subsidiary topics of International Affairs and African studies. Scholars have thus far not been able to see the divide between causes of territorial conflicts and conflicts which ensue from the impotency of mechanisms tailored to resolve them. As a result, there is no dearth of literature on the causes of conflicts but one hardly finds any one who has contended that an ineffective resolution strategy could spark new trajectories to conflict. Existing literature on causes of conflict is sometimes limited in scope to address on causes in particular. Adekeye Adebajo has articulated political and cultural underpinnings to be responsible for conflicts. 3] This could hold true for the Sierra Leone conflict but in the face of global adversities, his speculations stand to be criticized because other conflicts like the Rwandan genocide emanate from imbalances in the distribution of economic, political and social resources. Moreover, the ongoing Sudanese conflicts have religious/and or ethnic undertones with no element of cultural or political formulations which equally go along way to excavate the lacunae in Adekeye’s speculations. Paul Collier holds the view that conflicts are fuelled by economic considerations. He posits that most rebel organizations cling onto the idea of grievances in order to elicit more public support for their cause. In his hypothesis, he contemplates that a state with superfluous resources, increasing working-age population, and high unemployment rate is most likely to harbor conflict. His hypothesis, though true for many conflicts that have plagued Africa does not explain other cases in Africa. For instance, former British trusteeship of Cameroon fondly known as Anglophone Cameroon has been wailing for a fair share of economic, political, social and natural resources of the country. Despite this, discontentment has not resulted to war or any from of concrete violence as has occurred in other countries. This phenomenon consequently makes Collier’s assertions fluid. Summarily, Collier, Eboe Hutchful and Kwesi Aning argue that there are countries that have experienced conflict where natural resources were not articulated as the source of the conflict. They cited the examples of Chad and Ethiopia. [5] They acknowledged that some conflicts have been fueled by purely non-resource driven motives resulted. This is true with the cases of Angola, Afghanistan and Sudan. They, however, conceded to the fact that in the conflicts in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) resources were one of the stimulants among other elements. They tried to strike a balance by postulating that the end of the Cold War culminated in the proliferation of arms, and ineffective post conflict demilitarization, demobilization, and reintegration of ex-combatants which culminated in an outburst of wary and distressed combatants resulting several coup d’etat putsch attempts. While one may agree with the grievance theory, the million dollar question is what are people aggrieved about as to resort to conflicts, destruction of property, murder and assassinations? Is it about Governance? Is it distribution of resources? The answer is definitely far from the propositions of the aforementioned scholars. Because some countries have resource crisis and mismanagement, repressive regimes, and poor governance, but know no conflict. This therefore suggests that there is yet an unknown cause of conflict, and this cause is probably one that cuts across all conflicts. The present paper contemplates that inefficacies in the mechanisms for resolving these conflicts could be the brain-child behind the cyclical resurgence of conflicts in states previously hit by territorial civil wars. William Reno on his part contends that internal warfare is motivated by economic considerations especially with regard to the intensification of transitional commerce. He argues that there is a relationship between corruption and politics. According to Reno, conflict is bound to rise where a ruler makes life uncomfortable for his citizens by encouraging the search of his espionage as a means of escaping from squalid conditions. Reno in his postulations contemplates that the absence of good governance engenders politics as a cause of conflict. [8] William Zartman on his part contemplates that the increase in conflict is orchestrated by the collapse of state structure. [9] While one may agree with the collapse of state theory, the lotto question is: What drives the leaders to run the state aground? Keith Somerville, in his view tries to locate the source of conflict within the geopolitical map of Africa, which was bequeathed to it by the colonial powers. He contends that the colonial boundaries and state lines have led to the potpourri of people who hitherto had never before mixed as a group. [10] This articulation is paradoxical. While it means that even if the boundaries that existed in the pre-colonial time were maintained, there could still exist though at different levels, and with different target. [11] The diverse schools of thought examined above have attempted an investigation into the causes of conflict. They have posited economic underpinnings, lack of good governance, and disintegration of state institutions, religious and ethnic differences, corruption and colonial imprints. The opinions are not quite erroneous but fail to see ultimately that conflicts emanate because the global village appears to be in consonance with the fact that peacekeeping is the first port of resort for conflict resolution. Moreover, the fact that the problems postulated by the above authors have engendered conflicts in some areas and not in some despite the presence of similar factors suggest that there is more to conflict than has been articulated by contemporary research on the subject matter. The present paper contemplates that inefficacies in the dispute resolution machinery incubate further conflicts. This paper contemplates that if peacekeeping tools are tailored to empower stakeholders to a peace process, conflicts will be resolved before they escalate. On the contrast between causes of conflicts and causes of conflict resurgence, it should be noted that if conflicts are not prima facie mastered, it will be difficult to seamstress right solutions to them. As a result conflicts tend to hatch new and probably even more complicated dimensions to it.

The Canadian Community Health Nursing Standards Of Practice

When CHNs are working to develop solutions to health issues, they must reflect from a strength-based perspective known as the socio-environmental model (Cohen, 2012) and follow the Canadian Community Health Nursing Standards of Practice (CHNC, 2011). Both the standards as well as the model encourage nurses to utilize an upstream approach when caring for a community and its members, in addition to promoting, advocating, supporting, and addressing individual and community needs (CHNC 2011; Health Canada, 2013a; Roberts, 2012). When addressing the first standard of practice, nurses work towards promoting health (CHNC, 2011). As CHNs attempt to work with the available assets to improve the health and wellness of Aboriginals with diabetes mellitus (Taylor, Usher, McDermott, 2013), they utilize a wide variety of treatment and prevention options that relate to numerous health-promoting aspects based on primary healthcare (Smith, Van Herk, Rahaman, 2012). For this demographic, moving primary healthcare forward is crucial and could involve the implementation of culturally appropriate initiatives that allow CHNs to invoke various methods to promote the physical health of impoverished communities (Health Canada, 2013b). These health promoting methods may utilize the ADI for funding in order to provide nutritious food, fitness equipment such as ski poles for walking and burning more calories (Gormley, 2012), and various diabetes-based screening and testing tools (Health Canada,Show MoreRelatedExploring the Role of Canadian Clinical Nurse Specialists1279 Words   |  5 PagesEXPLORING THE ROLE OF CLINICAL NURSE SPECIALIST The Canadian health system is a growing and evolving field. According to the varying health needs of the Canadian community the health system is also improving. 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